PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

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First Pages a1
Part 1: Definition of Religion 21
Chapter 1: Methodological Introduction to the Definition of Religion 23
Introductioner 0
The Necessity of Discussing the Definition of Religion 0
[position 0
The Purpose behind Definition and Its Kinds 25
The Logical Conditions for a Methodical Definition 27
Causes of Defects and Shortcomings in Definition 28
Obstacles and Difficulties in Defining Religion 34
Classification of the Definitions of Religion 39
Chapter 2: Common Definitions of Religion 41
Introduction 0
Metaphysical Definitions of Religion 0
Assessment 0
Aston’s Definition 43
Assessment 44
Sharī‘atī’s Definition 48
Geisler’s Definition 55
Assessment 56
Chapter 3: Essentialist Definitions of Religion 59
Introduction 0
Spencer’s Definition 0
Assessment 0
Another Definition of Religion Similar to Spencer’s 61
Assessment 0
Max Müller’s Definition 63
Assessment 64
Definition of Religion as a Set of Beliefs, Moral Codes and Rules 0
Bonheoffer’s Definition 65
Assessment 0
Ellis’ Definition 0
Assessment 0
Spengler’s Definition 66
Bursur Shatul and Tylor’s Definition 67
D'Holbach’s Definition 0
Assessment 0
Santayana’s Definition 68
Assessment 69
Otto’s Definition 0
Assessment 0
Cassirer’s Definition 70
Assessment 0
Sartre’s Definition 72
Assessment 0
Dewey’s Definition 73
Assessment 74
Oxford Dictionary 75
Assessment 0
Jastrow’s Definition 76
Assessment 0
Chapter 4: Psychological and Sociological Definitions of Religion 77
Introduction 0
Psychological Definitions of Religion 0
William James’ Definition 0
Assessment 79
Carl Gustav Jung’s Definition 83
Assessment 85
Herder’s Definition 0
Assessment 0
Schleiermacher’s Definition 87
Assessment 0
Feuerbach’s Definition 88
Assessment 0
Kaufmann’s Definition 0
Assessment 89
Samuel King’s Definition 90
Assessment 0
Jefferson’s Definition 99
Assessment 0
Goldziher’s Definition 0
Assessment 91
Rainach’s Definition 0
Assessment 0
Rupele’s Definition 92
Assessment 0
Frazer’s Definition 0
Assessment 0
Koestenbaum’s Definition 93
Assessment 0
Freud’s Definition 0
Assessment 0
Bultmann 95
Assessment 0
Sociological Definitions of Religion 0
Durkheim’s Definition 96
Assessment 0
Feaver’s Definition 97
Assessment 98
Chapter 5: Utilitarian and Moralist Definitions of Religion 101
Introduction 0
Utilitarian Definition of Religion 0
Karl Barth’s Definition 0
Assessment 0
Ritschl’s Definition 102
Assessment 0
Tillich’s Definition 0
Assessment 103
Moralist Definition of Religion 0
Everett Dean Martin’s Definition 104
Kant’s Definition 0
Assessment 0
Whitehead’s Definition 106
Assessment 105
Paul Johnson’s Definition 0
Assessment 107
Foreword 17
Preface 19
Part 2: Scope of Religion 109
Chapter 1: Reason behind the Need for Religion 111
Chapter 2: Scope of Jurisprudence 119
Man’s Relationship with Himself 0
Second Pillar: The Need for Self-building 0
Man’s Relationship with God 126
Laws in the Realm of Man’s Relationship with God 128
Man’s Relationship with the Universe 0
Man’s Relationship with the Universe as It is 0
Man’s Relationship with the Universe as It Should be 0
Man’s Relationship with Fellow Human Beings 131
Salient Features of Islamic Jurisprudence 136
Types of General Rules Based on Principal Sources 145
The Role of Islamic Jurisprudence in Organizing Rational Life 148
The Functional Scope of Islamic Jurisprudence 150
Real and Superficial Needs 0
Jurisprudential Rules are Intrinsic and Rational 151
Examples of General Rules 153
Examples of Particular Rules 162
Openness or Rigidity of the Islamic Legal and Jurisprudential System 170
Chapter 3: Questions and Answers on the Scope of Religion 173
Part 3: An Examination and Analysis of Secularism 217
Chapter 1: Secularism and Proclivity to It 219
Definitions of Secularism, Atheism and Laicism 0
Is Secularism Innate in the Political Philosophy of Aristotle?— 220
A Glance at the Conflict between the Church and the State 223
The Roman Catholic Church 225
The Clash between Kings and Popes 226
The Separation of Church and State 0
Three Events that Paved the Ground for Secular Thinking 228
Chapter 2: The Reason for the Emergence of Secular Thinking in the West 231
The Unity and Harmony of all Aspects of Human Life in Islam 235
Chapter 3: The Consequences of Secularism 237
Two Seemingly Contradictory Views of ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Khaldūn on the Need of the Prophets of God for Man’s Mundane Life 0
Secularism Leads to Personality Disorder in Human Management 238
Managing the First Dimension (Animalistic Life) 0
Managing the Second Dimension (Life with Thematic Principles and Laws) 0
Human Being in the Third Dimension 239
Human Being in the Fourth Dimension (Rational Life) 244
Values being extinguished after their removal from the lives of people 247
Chapter 4: Islam and Secularism 259
A Survey of Some Muslim Writings on Political Issues 0
Examples of General Rules and Particular Rules have been given in detail on pages134 to 156 275
Hakimiyyah and Hukm in the Qur’an 0
Qur’anic Verses which Contain the Word Hukm and Some of Its Derivatives 276
Reasons behind the Confusion in the Concepts of Hukm and Hukūmah in the Minds of the Rulers and the Subjects 0
Chapter 5: The Relationship of Governance and Politics with Divine Laws 285
Are government and politics outside the realm of divine duties and laws? 0
The Democratic System in Life, Government and Politics, and Its Inherent Problems 289
Part 4: Science and Religion 299
Chapter 1: The Relationship of Science, Philosophy and Religion with Rational Life 301
Science, Religion and Philosophy, the Three Main Elements of Man’s Rational Life 0
What is Rational Life? 302
The Salient Features of Rational Life 0
Conclusion 309
What is Wisdom? 310
Chapter 2: The Definition of Science and Its Salient Features 313
What is Science? 0
Conditions of a Scientific Law 0
First Condition: Universality of the Law 0
Basis of the Universality of Scientific Propositions 0
Generalization of a Scientific View 314
Second Condition: Predictability 316
Third Condition: Falsifiability 0
Fourth Condition: Repeatable and Duplicable 317
Is It Science or Chicanery? 323
Chapter 3: Stability and Change in Science and Religion 327
Q. Can stability and change in science and religion mean the same? 0
Chapter 4: The Relationship of Science and Philosophy with Metaphysics 335
The Views of Some Ancient Philosophers on the Essential Reality of Things 337
In the Words of Einstein 365
Chapter 5: Views on Essential Reality 371
Views of Eastern and Western Scholars on the Essential Reality of Existents 0
The Main Views of Philosophers and Scholars on the Essential Reality of Things 372
Chapter 6: The Limits of Science in Knowing the Reality 385
Opinion-survey for Identifying the Reality in the Realm of Science 0
Declaration of the Bankruptcy of Science 0
Limitations in Methodology and Objective 389
Five Reasons behind the Necessity and Greatness of Science 395
The Effect of Preconceived Principles in Scientific Conclusions 430
1. Correct principles and perceptions established by sciences, philosophies, axiomatic propositions, and essential propositions 431
2. Incorrect principles and perceptions that cannot be established by acceptable proofs 432
3. Principles and perceptions whose validity or invalidity cannot be established 436
4. Propositions with both correct and incorrect properties 437
5. A Priori Principles can even Influence Natural Science and Philosophical Findings 438
Part 5: Religious Pluralism 441
Chapter 1: Questions and Answers on the Scope of Religion 443
Index 457

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First Pages




بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم

In the Name of Allah,
the All-beneficent, the All-merciful





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The Ahl al-Bayt World Assembly  is an international non-governmental organization (INGO) that was established by a group of Shiite elites under the supervision of the great Islamic authority of the Shiites in 1990 to identify, organize, educate and support the followers of Ahl al-Bayt.

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